acquired BDH Chemicals from the Glaxo Group. An air raid on 12 December 1944 destroyed nearly 70 percent of the plant and killed 55 employees. Additionally, several hundred Fremdarbeiter ("foreign workers") from France and Belgium were employed throughout the war years. According to the company's account, 265 forced laborers were working in the plant in Darmstadt, most of them women from Russia and Poland. During World War II, Merck was manufacturing war essential products such as narcotics, vitamins, biocides and other chemicals. In addition, Merck was president of the Hessian Chamber of Commerce and Industry as well as performing an advisory function in the Expert Advisory Council for National Health ("Sachverständigenrat für Volksgesundheit") of the NSDAP. In the years of the Nazi rule, the company was led by Karl Emanuel Merck who became a member of the Nazi party in 1933 and subsequently received the title of Wehrwirtschaftsführer. The company was formerly also referred to as "E. and Canada, it is sometimes known as the "German Merck" or "Merck Darmstadt" in North America. While Merck in Darmstadt is the legal successor of the original Merck and retains the rights to the name "Merck" in all countries except the U.S. It is one of the top 5 pharmaceutical companies worldwide, larger than its German ancestor, which employs around 40,700 people in 67 countries (December 2011). and Canada, has about 86,000 employees (December 2011) in 120 countries. Today, the US company, which operates as Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) outside the U.S. was confiscated following the First World War and set up as an independent company in the United States. In 1891, Georg(e) Merck established himself in the United States and set up Merck & Co. He and his successors gradually built up a chemical- pharmaceutical factory that produced - in addition to raw materials for pharmaceutical preparations - a multitude of other chemicals and (from 1890) medicines. He began the manufacture of these substances "in bulk" in 1827, touting them as a "Cabinet of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Innovations". Thanks to his scientific education he was successful in isolating and characterizing several different alkaloids in the pharmacy's laboratory, and by doing so also invented a number of drugs. In 1816, Emanuel Merck, a descendant of the original founder, took over the pharmacy. In 1668, Friedrich Jacob Merck, an apothecary, assumed ownership of the Engel-Apotheke ("Angel Pharmacy") in Darmstadt. The roots of Merck reach back as far as the 17th century in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (now a part of Germany). The Angel Pharmacy in Darmstadt which was owned by the Merck family from 1668 the beginning of the Merck company Merck has formed a strategic alliance with the Technische Universität Darmstadt, which is located in the same town as Merck. In 2018, the company celebrated their 350th anniversary. In 2015 Merck adopted a uniform brand identity for all its subsidiaries, and the company has stressed its intention to protect the brand of "the real Merck" globally and initiated litigation against its former subsidiary over use of the name. and Canada, where it is known as EMD ( Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt). The original Merck of Darmstadt holds the rights to the name Merck in all countries except the U.S. It is known as MSD ( Merck Sharp and Dohme) outside of North America. was established as a subsidiary of Merck in 1891, but was nationalized by the United States in 1917, before being privatized again when George W. The American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. Merck oHG, which now operates as a holding company. The Merck Group includes around 250 companies in 180 countries the current main parent company of the group, since 1995, is named Merck KGaA, and is itself mainly owned by the former main parent company, E. The Merck family still controls a majority of 70.3% of the company's shares. Merck was privately owned until going public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 1995 and is listed on the DAX index of Germany's top companies. Merck pioneered the commercial manufacture of morphine in the 19th century and for a time held a virtual monopoly on cocaine. It has major research and development centres in Darmstadt, Boston, Tokyo and Beijing, as well as other Research and Development units in Taiwan, France, Israel, South Korea, India and in the UK. Merck operates in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. Merck was founded in 1668 and is the world's oldest operating chemical and pharmaceutical company, as well as one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. The company is divided into three business lines: Healthcare, Life Sciences and Electronics. The group includes around 250 companies the main company is Merck KGaA in Germany. The Merck Group, branded and commonly known as Merck, is a German multinational science and technology company headquartered in Darmstadt, with about 57,000 employees and present in 66 countries.
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